moneyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy Essays - Network Topology, Network Architecture

, token ring and FIDDI, and wireless, including advantages and disadvantages. Network topology connects pairs of nodes of a network using patterns of links. Mesh Topology Mesh topology connects each device in a network to every other device in the network. Some advantages of a mesh topology are that it can work over a long distance, it is reliable, and it provides redundancy and it one device fails the backup device can take over the loss data. Disadvantages of mesh are that is complicate and expensive. Bus Topology A bus topology connects a workstation along an open cable or backbone. It is usually connected by an Ethernet cable. Advantages that are listed are that installation and administration is low cost, it is easier to configure and easier to expand on and connect to. Disadvantages that are listed include, limitations, difficulty troubleshooting, if a problem occurs on the backbone the entire network would go down. Ring Topology A ring topology is when two or more nodes are connected to a workstation to create a ring. Data is sent around the loop in one direction. Advantages of a ring topology includes equal access to all workstations, each node on the ring acts as a repeater, and usage of coaxial cables that creates the ring allows the service to be much faster. Disadvantages includes difficulty troubleshooting, if one connection fails it is hard to determine where the problem, reconfiguring of a ring topology will shut down the network. Ring topology is often the most expensive within topology. Star Topology In a star topology all devices are connected to a central hub. A star topology is wired as a star but handles network traffic as a ring. Advantages and disadvantages of a star topology include easy implementation, well for temporary networks, failure to a non central node will not have major effects on the network, maintenance cost is higher, failure to the central nodes can disable the entire network, and difficult installation. I will now explain some terminology associated with network architecture. The network architecture refers to its overall structure (Tomsho, Tittel, Johnson, 2004 pg. 241). I will explain the different network architecture including advantages and disadvantages. Ethernet Wikipedia (2006) defines Ethernet as a framed based computer networking technology for local area networks. Ethernet is mostly standardized as IEE 802.3. Some of its advantages include easy installation and low cost. It supports man different kinds of networking media. Token Ring The token ring architecture was developed as an IEEE specification 802.5. Wikipedia (2006) states token rings are organized in a ring topology with data being transmitted from one ring station to the next with a control circulating around the ring controlling access. Advantages are fast, reliable transport, but are cable as a star. Disadvantages include being very expensive, difficult troubleshooting. FDDI FIDDI stands for Fiber Distributed Data Interface. FDDI uses the token passing channel access method using dual counter-routing rings for redundancy. FDDI advantages are it has high security, very fast, reliable and covers great long distance and disadvantages are that it is very expensive and difficult to install. Wireless Webopedia defines wireless network as a method of communication that uses low powered radio waves to transmit data between drives. Advantages of wireless network are a wireless connection does not have to search for a hub, easy accessibility and set up is fast, less expensive to installed than a wired network, it is convenient, and great for mobility. Disadvantages of a wireless network are less security than a wired network, decrease bandwidth, and file transfer is slow. OSI Model and TCP/IP Open System Interconnection or OSI Model is a standard reference model for communication between two end users in a network. Transmission control protocol is one of main protocols in TCP/IP network. TCP enables tow host to establish a connection and exchange streams of data (Webopedia, 2006). Internet protocol is the second protocol in the TCP/IP network. In the OSI model, TCP corresponds with layer two which is the transport layer and IP corresponds with the layer three or the network layer. TCP transport is used to deliver data across the network. IP is responsible for routing and directing data from one network to another. . References Juipterweb (2006). Definition. Retrieved on May 31, 2006, from https://www.webopedia.com SMB definitions retrieved on May 31, 2006, from https://www.whatis.techtarget.com Webopedia: Online Computer Dictionary

How to Calculate Population Standard Deviation

How to Calculate Population Standard Deviation Standard deviation is a calculation of the dispersion or variation in a set of numbers. If the standard deviation is a small number, it means the data points are close to their average value. If the deviation is large, it means the numbers are spread out, further from the mean or average. There are two types of standard deviation calculations. Population standard deviation looks at the square root of the variance of the set of numbers. Its used to determine a confidence interval for drawing conclusions (such as accepting or rejecting a hypothesis). A slightly more complex calculation is called sample standard deviation. This is a simple example of how to calculate variance and population standard deviation. First, lets review how to calculate the population standard deviation: Calculate the mean (simple average of the numbers).For each number: Subtract the mean. Square the result.Calculate the mean of those squared differences. This is the variance.Take the square root of that to obtain the population standard deviation. Population Standard Deviation Equation There are different ways to write out the steps of the population standard deviation calculation into an equation. A common equation is: ÏÆ' ([ÃŽ £(x - u)2]/N)1/2 Where: ÏÆ' is the population standard deviationÃŽ £ represents the sum or total from 1 to Nx is an individual valueu is the average of the populationN is the total number of the population Example Problem You grow 20 crystals from a solution and measure the length of each crystal in millimeters. Here is your data: 9, 2, 5, 4, 12, 7, 8, 11, 9, 3, 7, 4, 12, 5, 4, 10, 9, 6, 9, 4 Calculate the population standard deviation of the length of the crystals. Calculate the mean of the data. Add up all the numbers and divide by the total number of data points.(925412781193741254109694) / 20 140/20 7Subtract the mean from each data point (or the other way around, if you prefer... you will be squaring this number, so it does not matter if it is positive or negative).(9 - 7)2 (2)2 4(2 - 7)2 (-5)2 25(5 - 7)2 (-2)2 4(4 - 7)2 (-3)2 9(12 - 7)2 (5)2 25(7 - 7)2 (0)2 0(8 - 7)2 (1)2 1(11 - 7)2 (4)22 16(9 - 7)2 (2)2 4(3 - 7)2 (-4)22 16(7 - 7)2 (0)2 0(4 - 7)2 (-3)2 9(12 - 7)2 (5)2 25(5 - 7)2 (-2)2 4(4 - 7)2 (-3)2 9(10 - 7)2 (3)2 9(9 - 7)2 (2)2 4(6 - 7)2 (-1)2 1(9 - 7)2 (2)2 4(4 - 7)2 (-3)22 9Calculate the mean of the squared differences.(4254925011641609254994149) / 20 178/20 8.9This value is the variance. The variance is 8.9The population standard deviation is the square root of the variance. Use a calculator to obtain this number.(8.9)1/2 2.983The population standard deviation is 2.983 Learn More From here, you might wish to review the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹different standard deviation equations and learn more about how to calculate it by hand.

Teenage Bullying Ages 13-18 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Teenage Bullying Ages 13-18 - Essay Example Involvement in teen bullying can, therefore, put a person at risk of developing into a more serious criminal. Effort is thus required to suppress propagation and development of teen bullying (Hile 37). According to the recent 2010 census, the population of Oakland County in Michigan State of the U.S.A was 1,202,362. The number of families residing in the county was 315,175. Of these 13.6% were African American or Black, 0.3% Native Americans,77.3% White, 2.2% of two or more tribes, and 1.0% were of several other race. Of the mixed races, 13% were German, 7.8% Polish, 8.3% Irish, 5.1% Italian, 3.5% Latino or Hispanic, and 7.0% of English ancestry. There was an average density of 564 housing units per square mile making up a total of 527,255 housing units. The Jewish community makes up a population of 72,000 being the 21st largest Jewish community in U.S.A. (Michigan 7-11).Of the 417,115 households, 32.40% were living together with their under 18 years children. The medium income for a household and family respectively was $62,308 and $79,589 according to 2009 estimates above the state and national medium incomes. The county had a per capita income of $32,534. Those below the poverty line lay at 5.50% of the population and 3.80% of families. 6.50% aged 65 years and above and 6.50% under 18 years also lay beneath the poverty line. The mean Oakland County education was at a higher level than both the state and national averages (Michigan 17). Oakland people are a hardworking community as proved by their level of per capita income higher than the national expected per capita income. Population of Oakland County involves in economic activities including farming, manufacturing, business, engineering and teaching. The county harbors the University of Oakland (Michigan 19). There is a transport network of cutting edge technology with high speed trains connecting the cities within

Medium is the Message Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Medium is the Message - Essay Example In considering the overarching nature of the song medium there are a number of reasons I chose this as my primary area of investigation. The primary reason I chose this medium relates to the subject matter embodied in the song. While the song is well over a decade old, when one examines the current political climate they recognize that there is great strife. For instance, one can consider the conflict that has arisen between the United States and the Middle Eastern states. While America has been progressively withdrawing forces, it goes without saying that there continues to be significant emotional conflict. In addition to this, I recognize that the medium of music is extremely powerful in its visceral appeals and this made me excited to investigate the medium. The song itself was recorded by Michael Jackson on his Dangerous album in 1991 (Michael Jackson: Dangerous’). It can broadly be categorized as pop, or soft rock and gospel. When one considers the target audience for th e song, it’s clear that while it has mainstream appeal, it is also intended for a more specific audience. In these regards, it seems that the song indicates that earth needs everyone to be as one in order to make a better world, especially the ones who creates war such as dictators or terrorist, as well as children because they are the new generation who can give hope for the future. Indeed, the song is open to the public sphere and encourages them to end the deterioration that is occurring as a direct result of war and conflict. Ultimately, the ideology that is being advanced is simply that it’s time to heal the world. In considering the reason that Michael Jackson wrote the song it’s clear there are a number of possible interpretations. From a cynical perspective one can argue that Michael Jackson was primarily interested in releasing a pop song that would sell to a mass audience. In considering the song it’s clear that the themes and message relate to a broad audience. The song’s can be listened to by individuals across the globe and they can equally relate to its message. In these regards, t

Culture Day Topic Essay Example for Free

Culture Day Topic Essay History of Judo was created by Jigoro Kano. He was a highly educated man; he was considered the founder of the modern Japanese education system. He wanted to preserve and combine the ancient martial traditions of Japan. One of the most important innovations was the emphasis of â€Å"randori†, or non-cooperative free sparring practice. The majority was based on pre-arranged sequences of attack and defense known as â€Å"kata†. For several years Kodokan Judo reigned supreme. Kudo was challenged by a man named Mataemon Tanabae. Maeda Mitsuyo Maeda became one of the greatest fighters in the history of Judo. Maeda retired without ever losing a fight. The Gracies, Maeda settled in Brazil and created an academy of â€Å"Jiu Jitsu†. One of his students was Carlos Gracie. After studying for several years he opened his own academy. He and Maeda created the â€Å"Gracie Challenge†, all challengers were welcome to compete in the challenge. The Gracie fighters were victorious against all kinds of fighters from different backgrounds. Several members of the Gracie family began to go to the US in the late 1980’s. The Gracies and their particular brand of fighting has had a major impact on martial arts today. Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Brazilian Jiu Jitsu was very similar in many ways with to Judo and other systems of Japanese Jiu Jitsu. Judo was originally designed as a powerful system of self-defense. Brazilian Jiu Jitsu is divided into three categories: self-defense, free fighting competition, and sport grappling. The fighting strategy of Brazilian Jiu Jitsu is to make a physically smaller or weaker person be able to defend from a larger or stronger attacker. When applying BJJ (Brazilian Jiu Jitsu) techniques leverage is key. As leverage is the secret to the most use of force.

Its a Neighborhood Bar :: Essays Papers

It's a Neighborhood Bar For a group project assigned in our Advanced Composition class at the University of Arizona, four of us decided to research the Morenci Mine Strike of 1983. When we left Tucson early one morning, we had no idea what to expect. The story was so muddled and had been so misconstrued with the passage of time and the fermentation of emotion, that we started to feel like Scooby Doo and his gang of amateur detectives. We even jokingly started calling my Nissan Altima the "Mystery Machine." I had read about a bar called The Refrigerated Cave in a book by Barbara Kingsolver called Holding the Line, and was interested in learning more about it, so armed with nothing but Morenci-Clifton-Safford phonebook we drove down the main highway in search of it. Our visit to "The Cave" turned out to be one of our most informative stops that day. We saw the sign on the side of the road through the window of the car, but finding the entrance was another story all together. After we pulled into the dirt parking lot, the other three members of my group and I stepped on to a rickety looking wooden bridge and looked over the side. The rushing water below looked to be maybe four inches deep, but the creek bed was completely invisible under the unnatural looking rust colored torrent. On the other side of the bridge, there was a staircase leading to a door, and a path leading around the corner of the building. After deciding that the staircase door looked more like a residence than a bar, we chose to follow the path around the building. Around the corner there the path begins a steep decent to another door with a large square sign over it reading "The Refrigerated Cave." When we walked through the door, I had to blink several times to adjust to the darkness. The bar was all but empty when we entered. It was only about 2:00 in the afternoon, so it was not surprising that there was only one man sitting at the end of bar talking to a female bartender. They were situated in front of a large T.V., maybe sixty inches or more, with horrible reception. The movie Grease was playing and Olivia Newton John and John Travolta were singing about summer days and nights while we surveyed our surroundings.

Nomadic Societies

They developed by adapting to the ecological conditions of their arid lands. Due to the lack of rain in central Asia they are not able to support large scale agriculture. The Nomadic people would bring their herds of animals to lands that actually had large amounts of grass, and stubs so that they could graze. They lived off of only meat, milk, and the hides of their animals. They used animal bones for tools and animal feces for fuel. Classify their interaction with the sedentary states. Their interaction with the sedentary states was mostly throughout trade and â€Å"they sometimes even adopted aspects of secondary cultures, and acted as intermediaries between settled worlds. † (Sanders, Nelson, Morillo, & Ellenberger, 2006, p. 181) Was it always hostile? No, they were not always hostile while interacting with others and they had a very strong military. Because they had such a strong worriers they were able to seize the wealth of settled societies they then were able to build imperial states in the regions surrounding central Asia. How were they viewed differently? * A first century BCE description of the Xiongnu, the archetypal nomadic peoples of the Chinese world. * A late fourth century Roman view of the Huns. * One of the barbarian groups that invaded the Roman Empire. description of the steppe nomads by the tenth-century Byzantine emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus that reflects both Byzantine experience and the classical legacy of Greek and Roman views and terms * Ibn-Al-Athir gives us an early –thirteenth-century Muslim view of the Mongol attacks on the Islamic World, and Marco Polo, a European who lived for years at the Mongol court, gives us something of an â€Å"outside insiders† view of Mongol life. (Sanders, Nelson, Morillo, & Ellenberger, 2006, p. 181) They also normally did little governing seeing how clans and tribes pretty uch looked out for themselves. And they were known to have a very strong military. Analyze the Mongol empire. The nomadic Mongols lived on the high steppe lands of eastern central Asia they displayed deep loyalty to kin groups organized into families, clans, and tribes. They were allies with Turkish people who had built empires on the steppes. They were unable to establish strong stable society on a large scale due to their loyalties to kinship groups. What kind of a leader was Chinggis (Ghenghis) Khan? He mastered the art of steppe diplomacy which called for displays of personal courage in battle, combined with intense loyalty to allies, a willingness to betray others to improve one’s position, and the ability to entice other tribes into cooperative relationships. In 1206 a group of Mongol leaders recognized Temujin supremacy by proclaiming him Chinggis was known as a universal leader. † (Bentley, Ziegler, & Streets, 2008, p. 272) Why did the empire decline? The empire then declined due to serious difficulties governing Persia and China. In Persia they had cases of excessive spending which strained the treasury, and overexploitation of the peasantry led to reduced revenues. They tried to fix their mess by creating paper money in the 1290’s but the merchants refused to accept paper, they thought it was worthless. Then when the last Mongol ruler pasted away in 1335 there was no heir the ilkhanate collapsed. What overall effect did the Mongols have on the eastern world? Even though the Mongols came to an end it was not the end of the nomadic peoples influence on Eurasia. The Turkish people resumed the expansive campaigns that the Mongols had interrupted.